The vitreous base, a band of vitreous attachment extending 2mm anterior and 1mm to 3mm posterior to the ora, is more prominent and visible depending on the retinal sector and patient ( Figure 3).Īnother common normal retinal finding is the spear-shaped long and short posterior ciliary nerves ( Figure 1). Ora serrations, or oral bays, have varying degrees of pigmentation, shapes and sizes, often resulting in diagnostic challenges. Other important anatomical landmarks include the ora serrata, the serrated region between the retina and ciliary body ( Figure 3). Distribution differences in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) between the peripheral and central retina can result in unusual appearances and cause diagnostic dilemmas ( Figure 2). The region anterior to the equator is the peripheral retina. Vortex veins have a variety of shapes and sizes. The vortex ampullae located in the equatorial retina are one of them ( Figure 1). There are certain anatomical features we need to first familiarize ourselves with as we extend the fundus examination from the posterior pole to the peripheral retina. This review discusses various lesions, their morphology and their long-term prognosis and includes a pictorial review of those that I’ve seen throughout my years of experience with this particular area of expertise. However, advances in imaging technologies, such as widefield and ultra-widefield photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), have given us new, valuable tools in the differential diagnosis and management of not only central, but also peripheral, retinal pathology. Others are associated with systemic disease and may better correlate with the patients’ presenting signs and symptoms.ĭilated fundus examination remains the standard of care for detection and evaluation of these findings. Some are degenerative, with potential vision-threatening consequences. T here are a number of clinical conditions associated with the peripheral retina, including primary lesions such as pars plana cysts.
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